Which of the following describes urinary system consequences of immobility?

• A. Increased urine production
• B. Renal calculi, urinary stasis, and infection
• C. Urinary incontinence due to detrusor overactivity
• D. Acute kidney injury from dehydration

Answer: (B)

Immobility slows urine flow and bladder emptying, producing urinary stasis. When urine sits in the bladder, bacteria have a longer time to multiply, increasing the risk of infection. The concentrated urine and stasis also promote mineral precipitation, leading to renal calculi. Together, these factors explain why renal calculi, urinary stasis, and infection are the typical urinary system consequences of immobility.

Increased urine production isn’t a usual result of immobility, which doesn’t inherently cause diuresis. Urinary incontinence from detrusor overactivity isn’t the typical pattern linked to immobility; detrusor overactivity is more related to bladder muscle overactivity rather than prolonged inactivity. Acute kidney injury from dehydration can occur, but it’s not the characteristic combination associated with immobility, which centers on stasis, stones, and infection.